929Chapter 34 .The String Object yourName = prompt( Please enter your name: , ) var msg = Good afternoon, + yourName + . alert(msg) Some common problems that you may encounter while attempting this kind of concatenation include the following: . Accidentally omitting one of the quotes around a literal string . Failing to insert blank spaces in the string literals to accommodate word spaces . Forgetting to concatenate punctuation after a variable value Also, don t forget that what I show here as variable values can be any expression that evaluates to a string, including property references and the results of some methods. For example var msg = The name of this document is + document.title + . alert(msg) Special inline characters The way string literals are created in JavaScript makes adding certain characters to strings difficult. I m talking primarily about adding quotes, carriage returns, apostrophes, and tab characters to strings. Fortunately, JavaScript provides a mechanism for entering such characters into string literals. A backslash symbol, followed by the character that you want to appear as inline, makes that task happen. For the invisible characters, a special set of letters following the backslash tells JavaScript what to do. The most common backslash pairs are as follows: . Double quote . Single quote (apostrophe) . \ Backslash . b Backspace . t Tab . n New line . r Carriage return . f Form feed Use these inline characters (also known as escaped characters, but this terminology has a different connotation for Internet strings) inside quoted string literals to make JavaScript recognize them. When assembling a block of text that needs a new paragraph, insert the n character pair. Here are some examples of syntax using these special characters:
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928 Part IV . JavaScript Core Language Reference string. Another benefit to this scheme becomes apparent when you try to include a quoted string inside a string. For example, say that you re assembling a line of HTML code in a variable that you will eventually write to a new window completely controlled by JavaScript. The line of text that you want to assign to a variable is the following: Chocolate To assign this entire line of text to a variable, you have to surround the line in quotes. But because quotes appear inside the string, JavaScript (or any language) has problems deciphering where the string begins or ends. By carefully placing the other kind of quote pairs, however, you can make the assignment work. Here are two equally valid ways: result = Chocolate result = Chocolate Notice that in both cases, the same unique pair of quotes surrounds the entire string. Inside the string, two quoted strings appear that are treated as such by JavaScript. I recommend that you settle on one form or the other, and then use that form consistently throughout your scripts. Building long string variables The act of joining strings together concatenation enables you to assemble long strings out of several little pieces. This feature is very important for some of your scripting for example, when you need to build an HTML page s specifi cations entirely within a variable before writing the page to another frame with one document.write()statement. One tactic that I use keeps the length of each statement in this building process short enough so that it s easily readable in your text editor. This method uses the add-by-value assignment operator (+=) that appends the right-hand side of the equation to the left-hand side. Here is a simple example, which begins by initializing a variable as an empty string: var newDocument = newDocument += newDocument +=

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Starting with the second line, each statement adds more data to the string being stored in newDocument. You can continue appending string data until the entire page s specification is contained in the newDocument variable. Joining string literals and variables In some cases, you need to create a string out of literal strings (characters with quote marks around them) and string variable values. The methodology for concatenating these types of strings is no different from that of multiple string literals. The plus-sign operator does the job. Therefore, in the following example, a variable contains a name. That variable value is made a part of a larger string whose other parts are string literals:
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The String Object Chapter 6 s tutorial introduced you to the concepts of values and the types of values that JavaScript works with features, such as strings, numbers, and Boolean values. In this chapter, you look more closely at the very important String data type, as well as its relationship to the Number data type. Along the way, you encounter the many ways in which JavaScript enables scripters to manipulate strings. Note Much of the syntax that you see in this chapter is identical to that of the Java programming language. Because the scope of JavaScript activity is narrower than that of Java, you don t have nearly as much to learn for JavaScript as for Java. At the same time, certain string object language features apply to scripting but not to Java programming. Improvements to the string object s methods in Navigator 4 greatly simplify a number of string manipulation tasks. If you must script for a lower common denominator of browser, however, you may need some of the same kind of string micro-management skills that a C programmer needs. I soften the blow by providing some general purpose functions that you can plug into your scripts to make those jobs easier. String and Number Data Types Although JavaScript is not what is known as a strongly typed language, you still need to be aware of several data types because of their impact on the way you work with the information in those forms. In this section, I focus on strings and two types of numbers. Simple strings A string consists of one or more standard text characters between matching quote marks. JavaScript is forgiving in one regard: You can use single or double quotes, as long as you match two single quotes or two double quotes around a 34 CHAPTER …. In This Chapter How to parse and work with text Performing search- and-replace operations Scripted alternatives to text formatting ….
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P ART JavaScript Core Language Reference IV …. In This Part Chapter 34 The String Object Chapter 35 The Math, Number, and Boolean Objects Chapter 36 The Date Object Chapter 37 The Array Object Chapter 38 The Regular Expression and RegExp Objects Chapter 39 Control Structures and Exception Handling Chapter 40 JavaScript Operators Chapter 41 Functions and Custom Objects Chapter 42 Global Functions and Statements ….
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923Chapter 33 .XML Objects Properties src Value: String Read/Write NN2 NN3 NN4 NN6 IE3/J1 IE3/J2 IE4 IE5 IE5.5 Compatibility . The src property represents the SRCattribute of the XML element. The attribute points to the URL of an external XML document whose data is embedded within the current HTML document. XMLDocument Value: Object Reference Read-Only NN2 NN3 NN4 NN6 IE3/J1 IE3/J2 IE4 IE5 IE5.5 Compatibility . The XMLDocument property returns a reference to Microsoft s proprietary XML document object and the object model associated with it (the so-called XML DOM). A lot of this object model is patterned after the W3C DOM model, but access to these properties is via a rather roundabout way. For more details, visit http://msdn.microsoft.com/xml/reference/xmldom/start.asp … XML.XMLDocument
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922 Part III . Document Objects Reference Syntax Accessing XML element object properties or methods: (IE5+) [window.]document.all.elementID.property | method([parameters]) About this object The XML element object is the primary container of an XML data island within an HTML page. If your scripts intend to traverse the node hierarchy within the element, or simply access properties of nested elements, then you should assign an identifier to the IDattribute of the XML element. For example, if the XML data contains results from a database query for music recordings that match some user- entered criteria, each returned record might be denoted as a RECORDING element as follows: …elements with details… …elements with details… …elements with details… Your script can now obtain an array of references to RECORDING elements as follows: var recs = document.getElementById( results ).getElementsByTagName( RECORDING ) While it is also true that there is no known HTML element with the tag name RECORDING (which enables you to use document.getElementsByTagName ( RECORDING )), the unpredictability of XML data element names is reason enough to limit the scope of the getElementsByTagName() method to the XML data island. Interestingly, the W3C DOM Level 2 does not define an XML element object within the HTML section. You cannot simply embed an XML document inside an HTML document: The standards clearly indicate that a document can be one or the other, but not both. While the NN6 DOM can recognize custom elements, the browser understandably gets confused when custom elements have tag names that already belong to the HTML DTD. Therefore, I do not recommend attempting to embed custom elements into an HTML document for NN6 unless it some day implements a mechanism similar to IE s XML data islands. Note IE5/Macintosh does not support XML data islands. XML
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921Chapter 33 .XML Objects Table 33-1 Properties and Methods for XML Element Reading Property or Method Description Node.nodeValue Data of a text node Node.nodeType Which node type Node.parentNode Reference to parent node Node.childNodes Array of child nodes Node.firstChild First of all child nodes Node.lastChild Last of all child nodes Node.previousSibling Previous node at same level Node.nextSibling Next node at same level Element.parentNode Reference to parent node Element.childNodes Array of child nodes Element.firstChild First of all child nodes Element.lastChild Last of all child nodes Element.previousSibling Previous node at same level Element.nextSibling Next node at same level Element.tagName Tag name Element.getAttribute(name) Retrieves attribute (Attr) object Element.getElementsByTagName(name) Array of nested, named elements Attr.name Name part of attribute object s name/ value pair Attr.value Value part of attribute object s name/ value pair XML Element Object For HTML element properties, methods, and event handlers, see Chapter 15. Properties Methods Event Handlers src XMLDocument XML
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920 Part III . Document Objects Reference Chapter 15. Note describe an individual s contact information with one set of elements, while another application uses a completely different approach to element names, element nesting, and their sequence. Fortunately, most, if not all, scripting you do on XML data is on data served up by your own applications. Therefore, you know what the structure of the data is or you know enough of it to let your scripts access the data. The discussion of the W3C DOM in Chapter 14 should serve as a good introduc tion to the way you need to think about elements and their content. All relevant properties and methods are listed among the items shared by all elements in Microsoft has created a separate document object model exclusively for XML documents. To distinguish between the DOMs for XML and HTML documents, Microsoft calls the former the XML DOM and the latter the DHTML DOM. Specifications for the two DOMs overlap in some terminology, but the two models are not interchangeable. Read more about the Microsoft XML DOM at http:// msdn.microsoft.com. An XML data island is a hierarchy of nodes. Typically, the outermost nodes are elements. Some elements have attributes, each of which is a typical name/value pair. Some elements have data that goes between the start and end tags of the element (such data is a text node nested inside the element node). And some elements can have both attributes and data. When an XML island contains the equivalent of multiple database records, an element container whose tag name is the same as each of the other records surrounds each record. Thus, the getElementsByTagName() method frequently accesses a collection of like- named elements. Once you have a reference to an element node, you can reference that ele ment s attributes as properties; however, a more formal access route is via the getAttribute() method of the element. If the element has data between its start and end tags, you can access that data from the element s reference by calling the firstChild.data property (although you may want to verify that the element has a child node of the text type before committing to retrieving the data). Of course, your specific approach to XML elements and their data varies with what you intend to script with the data. For example, you may wish to do nothing more with scripting than enable a different style sheet for the data based on a user choice. The evolving XSL (eXtensible Stylesheet Language) standard is a kind of (non-JavaScript) scripting language for transforming raw XML data into a variety of presentations. But you can still use JavaScript to connect user-interface elements that control which of several style sheets renders the data. Or, as demonstrated in Chapters 52 and 57, you may wish to use JavaScript for more explicit control over the data and its rendering, taking advantage of JavaScript sorting and data manipu lation facilities along the way. Table 33-1 is a summary of W3C DOM Core objects, properties, and methods that you are most likely to use in extracting data from XML elements. You can find details of all of these items in Chapter 15.
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XML Objects 33 CHAPTER XML (eXtensible Markup Language) is an undeniably hot topic in the Internet world. Not only has the W3C organization formed multiple working groups and recommendations for XML and its offshoots, but the W3C DOM recommendation also has XML in mind when it comes to defining how elements, attributes, and data of any kind not just the HTML vocabulary are exposed to browsers as an object model. Most of the arcana of the W3C DOM Core specification especially the structure based on the node are in direct response to the XML possibilities of documents that are beginning to travel the Internet. While XML documents can stand alone as containers of structured data in both IE5+ and NN6, the Windows version of IE5+ permits XML data to be embedded as islands in an HTML document. Such islands are encased in an XML element an IE-specific extension of HTML. It s important to distinguish between the XML element the element generated in a document by the IE-specific tag set and a generic XML element that is a part of the XML data island. Generic XML elements have tag names that are meaningful to a data application, and they are usually defined by a separate Document Type Declaration (DTD) that contains a formal specification of the element names, their attributes (if any) and the nature of the data they can contain. Out of necessity, this book assumes that you are already familiar with XML such that your server-based applications serve up XML data exclusively, embed XML islands into HTML documents, or convert database data into XML. The focus of this chapter, and an extended application example of Chapter 57, is how to access custom elements that reside inside an IE XML element. Elements and Nodes Once you leave the specialized DOM vocabulary of HTML elements, the world can appear rather primitive a highly granular world of node hierarchies, elements, element attri butes, and node data. This granularity is a necessity in an environment in which the elements are far from generic and the structure of data in a document does not have to follow a format handed down from above. One Web application can …. In This Chapter Treating XML elements as objects Creating IE XML data islands Accessing XML element attributes ….
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917Chapter 32 .Embedded Objects The Odd Case of the PARAM Element HTML pages pass parameters to Java applets, plug-ins, and ActiveX controls by way of PARAM elements that are nested inside APPLET, EMBED, and OBJECT elements. Although a PARAM element object is defined by the W3C DOM Level 2 specification, it does not show up on some browsers radar when you try to reference the PARAM element by itself. Even assigning an ID to a PARAM element or using document.getElementsByTagName( PARAM ) fail to allow references to access an individual PARAM element object. At most, you can retrieve the innerHTML property of the surrounding element. But even here, the values returned may not necessarily be precisely the HTML you specify in the document. In practice, this limitation is not particularly important. For one thing, even if you could access the PARAM elements of an embedded object or program, attempts to modify the values would be wasted: Those values are read at load time only. Secondly, a well-designed plug-in, applet, or ActiveX control will provide its own properties or methods to retrieve the current settings of whatever properties are initialized via the PARAM elements. … PARAM
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